untitled

Proceedings of 2014 Zone 1 Conference of the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE Zone 1)

Abstract— Technology has influenced various

industries, including the educational sector.

SMART™ Table can be regarded as a technological

tool carrying various benefits for enhancing the

students and teachers classroom experience. The

study has focused on the key features of the SMART

Table designed by the researcher. The components of

the supply chain process in the development and

delivery of the device have been explained. Moreover,

the benefits and limitations of the use of SMART

Table in the classroom have been covered. A few of

the notable benefits are ease of memorization of

content, doing homework and giving presentations.

The cost of SMART Table is a key challenge that can

limit the integration of the device as a learning tool.

Another issue that can create barrier in the adoption

of SMART Table by students and teachers is the lack

of readiness to adopt this technology in the

classroom. As evident from the findings, a preference

for white board and concern towards the lack of

surety about usefulness of SMART Table in

communication between teachers and students can

limit its applicability in the University of Bridgeport.

Nevertheless, the benefit of SMART Table in

educational sector cannot be overlooked as it

supports students and teachers in dealing with

complex concepts and content.

Index Terms— SMART Table, Education,

Technology, Supply Chain

I. INTRODUCTION

HE educational institutions have focused on

enhancing the capability of their students through

offering them a learning environment which is

conducive to knowledge acquisition and learning.

Efforts have also been made to ensure that the

instructors are provided with the resources that are

needed to support them in effectively performing their

work related responsibilities. Technology has brought

changes to various fields and sectors across the globe.

One such area which has been significantly influenced

by technological advancements is the educational sector.

On one hand, researchers have questioned the potential

of technology to enhance the effectiveness of the process

of education [1]. On the other hand, scholars have

suggested that technology compliments education,

making instructions easier to understand for students [2-

4].

New technologies have emerged in the market, allowing

the academic arena to integrate the newly developed

devices to facilitate the learning of the students [5]. The

manufacturing sector can integrate the technology in its

production process, however, educational institutions

follow a different path to new product development. In

the case of academic organizations, new product

development can manifest in the form of bringing

changes in the manner in which teachers and students

interact, how classroom lessons are delivered and

students acquire knowledge [6]. The recent introduction

of SMART Table in 2008 has been regarded as a notable

example of new product development in the educational

service sector. The production of SMART Table has

initiated interest of both scholars and educators to

identify the benefits the technology offers for students

and teachers [7, 8]. The focal point of the current study

is the use of SMART Table in the educational sector. A

more elaborative perspective of the aim of the study is

provided in the following section.

• Aim of the Study

The current study aims to analyze the use of SMART

Table in educational institutions. More specifically, the

University of Bridgeport, has identified the potential

benefits it carries for teachers and students. SMART

Table as an interactive technology is a recent addition in

the market. As a newly introduced product, the benefits

of the product are an interesting area of study as noted

by researchers [9, 10]. It has been observed that students

retain less than half of what they are taught in classroom.

As a result, unfortunately, only half of the students’

Use of Smart Table in Educational Institutions

to Enhance Student Learning Performance

Naif Jalal (Office Mgr, Texan Cardiovascular Institute, TX, US )and Dan Tenney ( Quality Executive,

3M Co., StPaul MN US)

requisite knowledge is retained by students i.e. due to

the current education delivery mechanism. Moreover,

there is no mechanism which could be used to gauge

class’ level retention at any time during a lecture [11-

13].

Additionally, new research has indicated that paper

based book reading –although previously thought as a

highly cognitive exercise – limits creativity and

problem-solving skills [14]. The reason is that the paper

based learning results in visual learning exercise. This in

turn activates those parts of brain that are related to

memory and aesthetic sense. Contrarily, brain activity

related to problem solving is minimal in this method of

knowledge transfer. In view of these findings, it is quite

clear that educational institutions such as the University

of Bridgeport are in need of a product that can be used to

address these drawbacks of paper based learning

methodology.

• Research Objectives

The research will be based on the following objectives:

• To discuss about the key features of SMART

Table and their applicability in educational

institutions.

• To outline the supply chain management of the

development of SMART Table for the

University of Bridgeport.

• To analyze the perception of students and

teachers towards the SMART Table prototype.

• To explore the perceived limitations of SMART

Table of students and teachers

• Research Questions

The study will focus on the research questions

presented as follows:

• What are the key features of SMART Table and

how they can be applied to educational

institutions?

• What are the various supply chain processes

involved in the development of SMART Table

for the University of Bridgeport?

• How do students and teachers view the benefits

of SMART Table in the University of

Bridgeport?

• What are the limitations students and teachers

face in the use of SMART Table in the

University of Bridgeport?

II.

THEORETICAL CONTEXT OF THE STUDY

A. Benefits of Technology for Educational Sector

Benefits of a new technology such as smart phones are

not only dependent on the actual features offered by the

product, but are influenced by the perception of

individuals using such devices [23]. Thus it can be

inferred that the adoption of SMART Table in

educational institutions will be dependent on the features

such as ease of use of technology and the ability to

understand its workings. In addition to this, management

and teachers’ attitudes towards the adoption of SMART

Table in learning will also play an integral role in the

integration of SMART Table in education. SMART

Tables make education and learning a stimulating task

for the students of young age [5]. This will however

depend on the way the teacher is able to integrate

SMART Table functions in to the learning process of

young children. For adults, learning through interactive

technology is dependent upon the instructor’s support as

well as their own beliefs about the usefulness of

technology and the probable outcomes they expect to

gain due to its use.

An important study has been conducted by [

16] who

concluded that difficult subjects such as mathematics

and statistics can be taught more effectively if the

teachers use smart technology [

16]. It has been found

that use of smart technology enabled the students to gain

a clearer understanding about the concepts of

mathematics and statistics. Furthermore, this improved

understanding has enabled the students to engage in

critical thinking to manage their assignments and class

activities more effectively. In addition, researchers have

concluded that the use of smart technology by

educational institutions is a form of ‘pedagogical

innovation’ [

16].

B. Supply Chain Management and New Product

Development (NPD)

New product development has an influence on the

supply chain processes as the components of supply

chain processes need to be structured to adapt NPD

focus [

17]. Product innovativeness is regarded as a key

variable which tends to have profound impact on the

supply chain of a firm engaging in new product

development. While dealing with the manufacturing of a

novel product was, another important notion in the flow

of supply chain processes observed by researchers [

18].

The speed of production of the required number of units

is determined by the maturity level of the market. In case

of the markets which have attained significant level of

maturity, efficient production needs to be emphasized as

a part of the organizational strategy.

Technology related products are important because of

efficient production as the supply and demand needs to

be balanced in order to maintain profitability. [

19] A

case example of a technological product manufacturer,

using “make-to-order model” for managing the supply

chain and manufacturing process for its products has

been provided. Such models are applicable for products

that are likely to need alteration after some time. Thus

the short term nature of product models makes it

mandatory to adopt an efficient supply chain practice.

However, make to order model is applicable in contexts

where the customer highly values the company

manufactured items and is willing to wait for the arrival

of the finished product [

20].

C. Concept Generation

The concept of SMART Table can provide more

effective learning as measured by academic achievement

[

21,22]. Although most instructors try to deliver their

knowledge effectively, students may not be able to grasp

their ideas. Such limitations can be addresses through

incorporating technology in the classroom, instead of

focusing on traditional pedagogical methods [

23,24].

There could be many reasons for this issue. Probably,

the students may have a varied background education

level; and hence all students may not be at par as for as

their educational knowledge is concerned about the topic

being discussed. Likewise, there could be many other

possible reasons as well. In such a situation, it becomes

necessary that the instructor is informed about such a

condition being present in the class so that s/he me make

necessary adjustments. Interactive technologies can

improve the process of student teacher interaction [

25-

D. Market Segmentation and Distribution

The market segment which is most likely to adopt and

positively respond to this technology is well established

at colleges and universities that have available resources

to invest in the adoption of interactive technology in the

classroom. Since this product involves cutting edge

technology and applications that are being developed as

we speak; it may be more costly. Moreover, the

educational institutions that are open to adoption of

technology in teaching also develop a part of the market

segment for the product. Therefore, the focus will be on

institutes of higher education such as the University of

Bridgeport. The demand of SMART Table can be quite

accurately identified by coordinating with the university

enrollment administration.

E. New Product Development and SMART Table

The idea to group together multiple applications in one

product to generate multi-faceted improvements in all

areas concerning education is an appealing notion. The

plan of accumulating various applications in one product

is primarily focused on efficiency and cost reduction,

whereas, the use of 3d imagery is to improve

understanding of complex topics such as statistics,

econometrics, 3-D graphical models etc. Furthermore,

one of the key reasons to introduce paperless books via

note-pads is to discourage cramming, and enhance

comprehension of study material. Various scholars have

supported this notion [9, 36].

III.

METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

The authors have used quantitative research design to

conduct the study. A notable feature of quantitative

study is that the researchers focus on obtaining

numerical information from the respondent about the

chosen area of study. In the context of current study, the

researchers used survey methodology to obtain

information regarding the perception of students and

teachers about the usefulness of SMART Table in

classrooms and learning.

IV.

MANUFACTURING SMART TABLE

Since in 2008, SMART technology has been a rapidly

growing segment, with its application used in the various

organizations. The cost of the product remains a key

issue in this regard, maintaining the problem of

affordability for schools and colleges [5]. One aspect of

the study will be that an affordable SMART Table will

be manufactured which can be easily accessed by

individuals and academic institutions. A prototype of the

suggested SMART Table will be developed to measure

the perception of students and teachers about its

usefulness in classroom. The prototype will include all

the basic features which are going to be present in the

final product. For the purpose of development of the

prototype, support can be obtained from engineers

having experience in development of smart technologies.

Their expertise can offer the needed support to develop

the prototype. An important area of considerations is

gaining access to raw materials and software for

manufacturing of the trial product.

In order to manage the manufacturing of prototype,

financial resources will also be needed apart from

technical skills. Market research needs to be conducted

in case of selection of the organizations interested to

support the venture of SMART Table development.

Universities can be contacted to offer input of technical

skills through their engineering faculty and students. In

the case of funding, organizations interested to promote

educational institutions and effective learning of students

can be contacted to extend financial support. The

manufactured SMART Table will have the following

features:

1) Simultaneous Multi Touch Capability

SMART Table equipment must be easily cleaned by

the user. Also, SMART Table will be made to carry out

the recognition of 40 touches at the same time. This can

create space for eight students to work on the smart table

together. It will respond to simple movements such as

rotate, toss and zoom. In order to reduce the chance of

disease transfer, touch screens may be made to respond

to stylus (computer pens) and specially layered gloves

may be worn. Through the multi touch function the

students can control what is being demonstrated on the

touch screen e.g. by zooming the size of the image.

2) Extensive Content and Resources

The SMART Table will have wide range of activity

packages. They can be downloaded free of charge from

the SMART Exchange Website which can be availed

directly from the table. There is also a smart table tool

kit placed in with the table so that the smart table

activities can be understood in detail. Smart notebook

lessons could also be imported so that the lessons could

be made easier [7].

High Quality Display

The screen attached in the smart table will have

dimensions of 42 inches and 1080p that does not feature

any obstructions such as shadows. This will enable the

students to see the lessons on a multimedia screen that is

both stimulating and fulfilling.

3) Rugged Design and Easy Set Up.

First and foremost, the SMART Table must support

weight up to 90 kg so that it would not be compromised

by the students working on it. It has a stand that can

support the table with up to eight students working on it.

This implies that the smart table is free from any

damages that regular devices can undergo. The weight

support of the smart table makes the technological tool

suited to most class room activities.

Figure 1: Schematic represses education of the proposed

SMART TABLE

4) UDL Friendly

The Smart table will be configured according to the

specifics of the Universal Design for Learning. This

implies that the students have the flexibility to work

together even if they have any difficulties such as less

knowledge and material.

5) Mobile Design

Smart table will be designed so that it can be moved

from class room to class room. This is because they can

fit in the doorways very easily and can be easily moved

from one place to another.

6) Share SMART Table Content With the Whole

Class

Another feature is that the SMART table content

could be shared with the whole class through the means

of class room management software and its SMART

board interactive white board. This suggests that the

whole class can participate in the smart table activities

and can stay quiet while the selected students interact on

the smart table. The instructor will be able to use the

device as a tool supporting the delivery of lecture, thus

enhancing the effectiveness of teaching. It can also be

used to give presentations as the features include the

ability to use it as a projector.

7) Virtual User Group

The SMART Table will have a virtual user group that

connects through the internet and can share experiences

regarding the smart table. The students will be able to

connect with other students, engage in discussion about

class topics, share lecture notes with each other and learn

through class discussion.

8) Built in Wi-Fi

There will be a built in Wi-Fi in the SMART table so

that there is no limit to communication. The students can

search online for content related to classroom topic, as

well as search material for conducting the assignment.

V. S

URVEY SAMPLE

Since the researcher intends to explore the perception

of both university teachers and students about the use of

SMART Table in the university, both segments of the

population are included in the study. The study used

purposive sampling for selecting the students and

teachers. Undergraduate students enrolled in full time

programs at the University of Bridgeport were included

in the study. A total of 100 respondents were a part of

the sample, comprised of students and teachers. The

students were selected from diverse classes

of Leadership, Finance and Logistic management.

VI. S

URVEY DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

The study included collection of primary as well as

secondary data. In the case of primary data, a

questionnaire with 15 questions was developed (refer to

the appendix). Participants provided their opinion about

the application, benefits and limitations of SMART

Table in learning. They were introduced to the concept

of the prototype to gain familiarity with the product in

order to respond to the research questions in a better

manner. The response categories in the questionnaire

were developed using a five point scale, with the

responses ranging from: 5= Strongly Agree, 4=

Somewhat Agree, 3= Not Sure, 2= Somewhat Disagree,

1= Strongly Disagree (5 being the highest score and 1

being the lowest).

The evaluation of primary data was conducted by

using frequency and percentage to identify the ratio of

responses in each response category. Moreover, graphs

and charts will be used to illustrate the frequency of

responses. To support the findings of the study, the

researcher used secondary data as well. It was accessed

through already published material available in the form

of peer reviewed journals articles and books. An

important point to consider here that researches between

2008 and 2013 were included in the study as the

evolution of smart technology and interactive teaching

and learning is a recent development.

VII. S

URVEY FINDINGS

The data obtained was calculated using frequency, bar,

and pie charts. They have been developed to graphically

illustrate the ratio of respondents in each response

category. The table with responses for each of the

questions is provided in the appendix. A few of the key

findings and their graphs are presented as follows:

The first question in the survey asked about the

usefulness of SMART Table for teachers and students.

As shown in the following graph, a significant number

of respondents (72 people) strongly agreed with the idea

that SMART Table can help students and teachers in the

classroom.

Figure 2: Usefulness of SMART Table for students and

teachers

Other questions related to the usefulness of

SMART Table have yielded similar results as

demonstrated in the following graphs. There are 68

respondents who strongly agreed with the idea that

SMART Table can help students in identifying

important points during lecture. On the other hand, small

ratios of people have disagreed with the usefulness of

the device in its benefit of recording lecture notes.

Figure 3: Easy to note important points during lecture

In response to question 3, it can be seen that a

large number of respondents believe that SMART Table

can facilitate students in grasping difficult concepts

being taught in the classroom, as shown in the following

pie chart. It can be seen that there are 79 respondents

who have indicated that SMART Table has the potential

to help the students in learning complicated concepts in

the classroom. [36] have expressed similar ideas,

supporting that computer assisted teaching increases the

level of fluency students’ gain for mathematics related

concepts. [33] explored the usefulness of technology in

explaining the geometrical concepts to students. It has

been concluded that students who exhibit limited

attention spans can greatly benefit from use of

technology.

Figure 4: helpful in learning difficult concepts

Another important finding of the study is that

SMART Tables have been found to be useful in

memorizing the content and themes covered in the

classroom (as seen in question 6). As depicted in the

figure 4, there are 59 respondents who have strongly

agreed while 28 respondents have somewhat agreed with

this notion. SMART Table can offer them with a

portable device that can be used for retaining class

lectures, learning the concepts and memorizing them by

repeatedly reviewing the available information.

Figure 5: Memorizing Concepts

The bottom-line principle behind this idea is that

while studying, students make notes and use highlighters

to mark important material. This tendency, unintelligibly

and unintentionally, makes students memorize stuff

rather than grasp concepts [24]. The facility of

bookmarking, however, will be provided in our

application as well. Hence, by eliminating papers, the

researcher can provide students a platform where they

can use their minds and cognitive abilities to learning

concepts freely and efficiently.

One of the key limitations of SMART Table

identified in the survey was the cost of the product. As

noted in question number 3, a large number of

respondents (82 people) have disagreed with the idea

that the device is cost effective. This perception indicates

that the users of SMART Table are seeking

technological devices that are affordable; otherwise they

will be discouraged or unable to buy the product due to

its high price. The figure number 5 illustrates the

responses.

Figure 6: cost effectiveness of SMART Table.

An interesting finding of the study can be seen

in question number 10. It can be seen in figure 6 that 45

respondents are of the opinion that white board is more

effective than use of technological tools such as SMART

Table in classroom. On the other hand, 46 participants

disagreed with the idea, showing a positive attitude

towards the use of SMART Table. There is a minor

difference between the ratios of respondents which

suggests that it will take time to integrate SMART Table

as a learning tool in the classroom at Bridgeport

University.

Figure 7: Use of white board for teaching more effective

than SMART Table

Another primary feature of SMART Table was

linking the class with the instructor in such a manner that

the student could use smart table application and convey

messages to the instructor during the lecture. The

instructor may choose to clarify or elaborate on the

concept even further. In this way teaching and learning

both could be made more productive. However, it is

imperative to note that in the responses obtained from

the participants for question number 15, there has been

minor difference between the ratios of respondent who

regard it as an effective means of communication and

those who disagree with this idea.

As presented in figure 7, there are 55

respondents who have agreed with its effectiveness,

while 43 have disagreed with its usefulness. There were

2 respondents who were not sure about the usefulness of

SMART Table in enhancing effective communication

between instructor and students in classroom.

Figure 8: Effectiveness of Communication between

teachers and students.

The focal point of the current study is to identify how

the students and teachers at the University of Bridgeport

can use the technology of SMART Table to gain

improved learning outcomes. The idea of SMART Table

is actually to create a collaborative work environment,

sharing ideas and developing a sense of collaborative

learning. Moreover, SMART Table applications intend

to indicate a sense of societal interaction among users.

However, adoption of the technology and getting

comfortable with using it will take time.

VIII.

CONCLUSION

Interactive technology in education has been a focus

of attention in the recent literature. The current study

intends to explore the applicability of the development

of a SMART Table for the students and teachers of

University of Bridgeport. The basic idea behind this

approach is to provide the teachers and students with a

SMART Table technology that fulfils their needs of

creating a learning environment that results in increased

output. There is a need to develop new modes of

classroom teaching, propelling the shift from traditional

teaching to the adoption of interactive technology based

teaching. The development of SMART Table is such a

transformation of classroom teaching technology

integration. There is a significant need to integrate new

technologies in the classroom and University of

Bridgeport can greatly benefit from the inclusion of

SMART Table as a part of teaching. It can be therefore

concluded that SMART Table can certainly serve as a

means of facilitating learning, specifically in subjects

such as mathematics, statistics, geometry, economics as

their complex concepts are difficult to grasp. The

SMART Table is also expected to support the students

who have short attention span in keeping track of the

instructions delivered by the teacher in the classroom.

Information about the perception of students and

teachers related to benefits and limitations of use of

SMART Table can further support the authors’ research

in refining the features of the product, ensuring that it

fulfills the needs of the target market, thus, supporting

the researcher in providing a product that is aligned with

the classroom needs of teachers and students. It is also

important to point out that the university management

may also gain from the use of SMART Table in classes

as the learning capacity of students can be effectively

managed and improved. In summary, the academic

performance of student can be enhanced by the use of

SMART Table.

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