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!
!
Table!1:!US!Funds!for!Afghanistan!Reconstruction,!FY2002!>!FY2013,!as!of!June!30,!
2014!($!millions)
+
!
#
Fiscal!
Years#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Sector!
Totals#
Category#
2002#
2004#
2006#
2008#
2010#
2012#
2013#
#
!"#$%&'(#
Y]>V#
YPV>b#
'7aLa>'#
K7]Y'>]#
a7'Pb>Y#
a7KL'>K#
V7aV]>P#
Yb7b(a>V#
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0"+"1*23",'#
'aY>a#
'7(YY>Y#
aYL>b#
K7'P'>P#
VY]]>]#
K7aYK>L#
K7(VL>K#
Ka7a]L>'#
4*$,'"%5
,-%#*'&#6#
PL>P#
KaY>Y#
(PV>V#
YVP>V#
'LLL>Y#
bLL>V#
aL]>K#
]7YVY>a#
7$3-,&'-%&-,#
YaY>Y#
KLV>a#
'YL>K#
Kb'>'#
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K'Y>a#
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Kb(Y>'#
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'7]aP>'#
'7Vb]>V#
'7(V]>P#
b7a'V>(#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
#
Total!Funding#
'7LPY>'#
K7P((>'#
(7YLP>V#
P7']a>K#
'P7]'K>Y#
#
'V7PYb>a#
a7PaL>V#
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a
SIGAR. Quarterly Report to the United States Congress, p. 212. July 30, 2014.
http://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2014-07-30qr.pdf
!
!
!
!
4!
!
Figure!1:!Evolution!of!Reconstruction!Funding!by!Sector!over!Time!!
!
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Table!2.!US!Reconstruction!Funds!for!Governance!and!Development!($!millions)
K'
!
#
Fiscal!
Years#
#
#
#
#
#
Sector!
Totals#
#
2002#
2006#
2008#
2010#
2012#
2013#
#
9*'-1.
)*+"%,-,#".-,:.
0"+"1*23",'#
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9*'-1.CDE#
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###
!
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Table!3:!Stock!Prices!for!Key!Reconstruction!Contractors!(US$)
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Table!4:!Annual!Revenues!for!Key!Reconstruction!Contractors!(in!US$!millions)
42
!
W54:+1*!
2001!
2005!
2009!
2013!
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Table!5:!Net!(Loss)!Earnings!for!Key!Reconstruction!Contractors!(in!US$!millions)
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