DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA COURT OF APPEALS
CITATION AND STYLE GUIDE
[2023/24 Revised ed.]
• The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (21st ed. 2020), governs all work product
in the D.C. Court of Appeals. Do NOT use “(cleaned up)” to avoid proper Bluebook
citations. These rules below supplement The Bluebook rules as they apply to our cases.
• Please note that some abbreviations changed in the 21st edition of The Bluebook’s T6.
For example, “professional” is now abbreviated as “pro.” instead of “prof.”
• Where The Bluebook is silent on a matter, please follow the Texas Manual on Style
and Usage, 15th ed., published in 2020, followed by the The Chicago Manual of Style .
TABLE O
F CONTENTS
1. The Bluebook ................................................................................................................. 1
2. Signals ............................................................................................................................. 1
2.1. See ............................................................................................................................ 1
2.2. E.g. ........................................................................................................................... 1
2.3. Infra/Supra ................................................................................................................ 1
3. Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 1
3.1. Reporters, Court Names, and Periodicals ................................................................ 1
3.2. Footnotes .................................................................................................................. 1
3.3. Government, Department, and Agency Names ....................................................... 2
4. Cases ............................................................................................................................... 2
4.1. Case Names .............................................................................................................. 2
4.2. Superior Court Opinions .......................................................................................... 3
4.3. D.C. Court of Appeals Opinions .............................................................................. 3
4.3.1. Memorandum Opinion and Judgment .............................................................. 3
4.3.2. Rehearing .......................................................................................................... 4
4.3.3. En Banc ............................................................................................................. 4
4.3.4. Appeal to the Supreme Court ........................................................................... 4
4.4. D.C. Circuit Opinions ............................................................................................... 4
4.5. Order of Authority.................................................................................................... 5
4.5.1. En Banc Opinions ............................................................................................. 5
4.5.2. State Courts ....................................................................................................... 5
4.5.3. Federal Courts ................................................................................................... 5
4.5.4. Supreme Court .................................................................................................. 5
4.6. Slip Opinions ............................................................................................................ 6
4.6.1. Website ............................................................................................................. 6
4.6.2. Pincites .............................................................................................................. 6
4.6.3. D.C. Circuit Slip Opinions ............................................................................... 6
4.6.4. D.C. Superior Court Orders and Administrative Orders .................................. 6
5. Statutes. .......................................................................................................................... 6
5.1. D.C. Code ................................................................................................................. 6
5.2. Section ...................................................................................................................... 7
5.3. Spacing ..................................................................................................................... 7
6. Legislative Materials. .................................................................................................... 7
6.1. D.C. Rules and Regulations ..................................................................................... 7
6.2. D.C. Legislative History .......................................................................................... 8
6.3. Spacing ..................................................................................................................... 8
7. Court Rules .................................................................................................................... 9
7.1. D.C. Court of Appeals .............................................................................................. 9
7.2. D.C. Bar ................................................................................................................... 9
7.3. Superior Court .......................................................................................................... 9
7.4. Rules of the Board on Professional Responsibility ................................................ 11
8. Jury Instructions .......................................................................................................... 11
9. Formatting. ................................................................................................................... 11
9.1. Font ........................................................................................................................ 11
9.2. Margins .................................................................................................................. 11
9.3. Spacing ................................................................................................................... 11
9.4. Block Quotations:................................................................................................... 12
9.5. Punctuation ............................................................................................................. 13
9.6. Ellipses/Omissions ................................................................................................. 13
9.7. Page Numbers ........................................................................................................ 14
9.8. Headings ................................................................................................................. 14
9.9. Capitalization ......................................................................................................... 14
9.10. Numbers ............................................................................................................... 14
9.11. Italics .................................................................................................................... 14
10. Miscellaneous. ............................................................................................................ 15
10.1. Attorney’s fees ..................................................................................................... 15
10.2. COVID-19 ............................................................................................................ 15
10.3. Cleaned up ............................................................................................................ 15
10.4. Pronouns ............................................................................................................... 15
1
1. The Bluebook.
Whenever something in this memorandum conflicts with any
provision of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation (21st ed. 2020), this
memorandum controls. Otherwise, The Bluebook controls.
2. Signals
.
2.1. See
: The word “see” should always be italicized. See BB R. 3.5.
2.2. E.g.
: Never put a comma after see and cf., except when they are
followed by e.g.
2.3. Infra/Supra
: The use of infra and supra in an opinion/MOJ should be
used as references to other parts of the opinion.
3. Abbreviations
.
3.1. Reporters, Court Names, and Periodicals
: When two or more letters are
used in a single abbreviation, there should be no space between them. For
this purpose, an ordinal number such as 2d, 3d, or 4th is treated as a single
letter.
• U.S., D.C., A.2d, F.2d, S.D.N.Y., A.L.R.3d, F.4th
When an abbreviation contains more than one letter it should be preceded
and followed by a space.
• S. Ct., N.D. W. Va., Cal. App. 2d, Ill. 2d, So. 2d
• U. Pa. L. Rev., A.L.R. Fed.
3.2. Footnotes
: When citing a footnote in a case or other authority, use “n.”
See BB R. 3.2(b) for general guidance. When referring to a footnote in the
document you are writing, use “note.”
• Coto v. Citibank FSB, 912 A.2d 562, 566 n.4 (D.C. 2006).
• The court found that the Director of Sales position had been
eliminated due to a reorganization at WCCA. See supra note 4.
2
3.3. Government, Department, and Agency Names
: See BB R. 6(b) for
general guidance; remember to always spell out the first use of the
word/name/agency in the document and include any abbreviation in
parenthesis and quotation marks. For example, Administrative Law Judge,
(“ALJ”), not (ALJ).
For D.C. legislation, agencies, and departments, use the following
abbreviations:
• Administrative Law Judge: “ALJ”
• Basic Business License: “BBL”
• Civil Protection order: “CPO”
• D.C. Humans Rights Acts: “DCHRA”
• D.C Administrative Procedures Act: “DCAPA”
• Former D.C. Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs:
“DCRA”; this agency no longer exists as of October 1, 2022, its
successors are:
o Department of Buildings: “DOB”
o Department of Licensing and Consumer
Protection: “DLCP”
• Notice of Infraction: “NOI”
• Office of Administrative Hearings: “OAH”
• Temporary Protective Order: “TPO”
3.4. Compass Directions
: Always abbreviate northeast, northwest, southeast,
and southwest without a period; e.g., NE, NW, SE, and SW.
4. Cases
.
4.1. Case Names
: See BB R. 10.2 for general guidance.
(a) In re
: “In the Matter of,” “Matter of,” and “Petition of,” should
always be abbreviated “In re.”
(b) District of Columbia
: Abbreviate the District of Columbia to
“D.C.” unless it is the entire name of the party (as opposed to just a
part thereof), see BB R. 10.2.2.
• Smith v. District of Columbia, 399 A.2d 213 (D.C. 1979).
• Smith v. D.C. Dep’t of Emp. Servs., 934 A.2d 428 (D.C. 2007).
3
• Bd. of Trs., the Grand Lodge of the Indep. Ord. of the Odd
Fellows of D.C., 225 A.3d 737 (D.C. 2020).
4.2. Superior Court Opinions
: Opinions by Superior Court judges should be
cited to the Daily Washington Law Reporter, if possible, giving the date of
the opinion (not the date of publication):
• Blue v. Gray, 112 Daily Wash. L. Rptr. 2345 (D.C. Super. Ct.
June 21, 1985).
If the opinion is not published, cite it like any other unpublished opinion:
• Blue v. Gray, No. 81-765 (D.C. Super. Ct. June 21, 1985). [See
BB R. 4.6 below for an explanation of the proper citation of slip
opinions.]
4.3. D.C. Court of Appeals Opinions
: Cite all cases from this court and its
predecessor, the Municipal Court of Appeals, as follows (for more
information, see BB T1, which sets forth the proper reporters and
abbreviations for the various iterations of the D.C. Courts):
• Doe v. Roe, 508 A.2d 1234 (D.C. 1985).
4.3.1. Memorandum Opinion and Judgment
: Cite MOJs as follows:
• Thomas v. United States, No. 04-CM-722, Mem. Op. & J. at 7
(D.C. Feb. 14, 1999).
Short cite as “[NAME], Mem. Op. & J. at # (coincides with the short
form of a slip opinion of BB R. 10.9(a)(iii)).
• Thomas, Mem. Op. & J. at 7.
Order of this court: Cite an order of this court as follows:
• Mashaud v. Boone, 269 A.3d 1022 (D.C. 2021) (order).
4
4.3.2. Rehearing
: A denial of rehearing by any court—including the
Supreme Court—should not be reflected in the citation unless it is
accompanied by an opinion, or unless the denial is relevant to the
point for which the case is cited.
• Breezevale Ltd. v. Dickinson, 759 A.2d 627, 640 (D.C. 2000),
aff’d on reh’g, 783 A.2d 573, 575 (D.C. 2001) (en banc).
• Lyons v. United States, 622 A.2d 34 (D.C.), reh’g granted en
banc, 635 A.2d 902 (D.C. 1993). [Note that no year appears in
the citation for the original opinion because both the original
opinion and the opinion granting rehearing en banc issued in the
same year.]
4.3.3. En Banc
: Cite en banc decisions as follows:
• Wilson-Bey v. United States, 903 A.2d 818, 816 (D.C. 2006) (en
banc).
4.3.4. Appeal to the Supreme Court
: Be particularly careful to know
the Supreme Court status of this court’s cases. The grant or denial of a
petition for a writ of certiorari should always be reflected in the
citation if the case is less than two years old or the denial is
particularly relevant. In all other circumstances, it may be assumed
that certiorari was either denied or that no petition was filed.
When you are citing a case in which certiorari has been denied and
wish to add something parenthetically about the case, the parenthetical
comment should precede the “cert. denied.”
• Doe v. Roe, 508 A.2d 1234 (D.C. 1985) (holding the plaintiff
liable), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 987 (1986).
4.4. D.C. Circuit Opinion
s: Cite only to F., F.2d, F.3d, or F.4th. Note that
the court and jurisdiction—i.e., “D.C. Cir.”—are added to the date
parenthetical.
• United States v. Doe, 730 F.2d 1529 (D.C. Cir. 1984).
5
Include pinpoint cites as follows:
• Doe v. Webster, 606 F.2d 1226, 1244 (D.C. Cir. 1979).
• Doe, 606 F.2d at 1244.
• Id. at 1244.
4.5. Order of Authority
.
4.5.1. En Banc Opinions
: In string citations for a single proposition,
cite this court’s en banc decisions ahead of other decisions from this
court.
• Wilson-Bey v. United States, 903 A.2d. 818, 836 (D.C. 2006)
(en banc); Downing v. United States, 929 A.2d 848, 863 (D.C.
2007).
4.5.2. State Courts
: In string citations for a single proposition, cite this
court’s decisions ahead of those from state courts, irrespective of the
year decided.
• Smith v. Jones, 342 A.2d 987 (D.C. 1975); Roberson v.
Commonwealth, 185 S.W.3d 634 (Ky. 2006).
4.5.3. Federal Courts
: In string citations for a single proposition, cite
this court’s decisions ahead of those from the D.C. Circuit, the U.S.
District Court for D.C., or other federal courts, irrespective of the year
decided.
• Smith v. Jones, 342 A.2d 987 (D.C. 1975); Brown v. Green, 598
F.3d 321 (D.C. Cir. 2000).
4.5.4. Supreme Court
: In string citations for a single proposition, cite
Supreme Court decisions before those of this court, unless the issue is
one of District of Columbia law, irrespective of the year decided.
• Crane v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 683 (1986); Coto v. Citibank FSB,
912 A.2d 562 (D.C. 2006).
6
4.6. Slip Opinions
: For opinions that do not have an official A.3d citation
yet, use the Westlaw citation. If the Westlaw citation is not available, use
the LEXIS citation or the slip opinion on the Court of Appeals website.
4.6.1. Website
: When citing opinions that appear on the Court of
Appeals website, give the court’s case number and the date of
decision.
• Doe v. Roe, No. 85-1876 (D.C. July 31, 2007).
4.6.2. Pincites
: When referring to a specific page of a slip opinion, cite
as follows:
• Doe v. Roe, No. 85-1876, slip op. at 4 (D.C. July 31, 2007).
4.6.3. D.C. Circuit Slip Opinions
: Cite D.C. Circuit slip opinions for
which there is no Westlaw or LEXIS cite as follows:
• United States v. Jones, No. 85-6789 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 2, 2007).
• United States v. Jones, No. 85-6789, slip op. at 4 (D.C. Cir.
Aug. 2, 2007).
4.6.4. D.C. Superior Court Orders and Administrative Orders
: Use a
comma after the year when referring to orders. For example, “the May
29, 2020, order,” and cite administrative Orders as follows:
• D.C. Super. Ct. Admin Order No. 95-11, [TITLE (if known)],
([DATE]).
• D.C. Super. Ct. R. Promulgation Order 22-05 ([DATE],
[EFFECTIVE DATE]).
5. Statutes.
5.1. D.C. Code
: Cite the District of Columbia Code as follows:
• Only list a D.C. Code year when referring to a historical version
of the statute; when no year is listed, the document is referring
to the current version of the code; same for the D.C.M.R., U.S.
Code, and the C.F.R.
7
5.2. Section
: Always use the section symbol (§) when providing a full
citation.
• “Citing D.C. Code §§ 22-3223(d) and -1803, appellant appeals
his conviction in a bench trial of attempted credit card fraud.”
Spell out the word “Section” in textual sentences when not using the full
statutory citation.
• “The appellant relies on Section 16-916.01 in making his
argument.”
5.3. Spacing
: When citing statutes, use a non-breaking space between the “§”
symbol and the section number. (On Windows computers, you can do this
by pressing CTRL + SHIFT + space. On most Macs, you can do this by
pressing OPTION + space. You can also go to Insert > Symbols > More
Symbols > Special Characters, and choose “non-breaking space.”)
Do not leave a space between the section number and any subdivisions
enclosed in parentheses. If the citation requires a date/year, there should be a
non-breaking space between the cite and the date/year, and the date/year
should be in parenthesis.
• D.C. Code § 11-721(a)(2)(A).
Use a non-breaking hyphen within statutory and regulatory cites to avoid
breaking across lines. (On Windows computers, you can do this by pressing
CTRL + SHIFT + hyphen. On most Macs, you can do this by pressing
OPTION + hyphen. Insert > Symbols > More Symbols > Special
Characters, and choose “non-breaking hyphen.”)
6. Legislative Materials.
6.1. D.C. Rules and Regulations
: Cite the Daily Washington Law Reporter,
the District of Columbia Register, the District of Columbia Municipal
Regulations, and the District of Columbia Rules and Regulations as follows:
(a) 112 Daily Wash. L. Rptr. ___ ([YEAR]).
8
(b) District of Columbia Register
:
51 D.C. Reg. 6052 ([YEAR]).
(c) District of Columbia Municipal Regulations
:
1 D.C.M.R. § 2800.
Only list a D.C.M.R. year when referring to a historical version
of the regulation; when no year is listed, the document is
referring to the current version of the D.C.M.R.
(d) District of Columbia Rules and Regulations
:
__ D.C.R.R. § __ (20xx).
Only list a D.C.R.R. year when referring to a historical version
of the regulation; when no year is listed, the document is
referring to the current version of the D.C.R.R.
6.2. D.C. Legislative History
: Cite as follows:
D.C. Laws
:
[TITLE], D.C. Law 10-177, § 3, 41 D.C. Reg. 524 (1995).
D.C. Acts:
[TITLE], D.C. Act 23-328, 67 D.C. Reg. 7598 (June 19, 2020).
D.C. Council Reports
:
[TITLE], D.C. Council, Report on Bill 16-205 at 4 (Feb. 28, 2006).
D.C. Committee Hearing Reports/Transcripts
:
[TITLE], [Report/Hearing] on Bill No. XX-XXX before the
Committee on [NAME], Council of the District of Columbia,
Statement of [NAME], [AFFILIATION] at X ([DATE]).
6.3. Spacing
: When citing regulations, use a non-breaking space between the
“§” symbol and the section number. (On Windows computers, you can do
this by pressing CTRL + SHIFT + space. On most Macs, you can do this by
pressing OPTION + space. You can also go to Insert > Symbols > More
Symbols > Special Characters, and choose “non-breaking space.”)
9
Do not leave a space between the section number and any subdivisions
enclosed in parentheses. If the citation requires a date/year, there should be a
non-breaking space between the cite and the date/year, and the date/year
should be in parenthesis.
• 5-A D.C.M.R. § 100.
Use a non-breaking hyphen within statutory and regulatory cites to avoid
breaking across lines. (On Windows computers, you can do this by pressing
CTRL + SHIFT + hyphen. On most Macs, you can do this by pressing
OPTION + hyphen. You can also go to Insert > Symbols > More Symbols >
Special Characters, and choose “non-breaking hyphen.”)
7. Court Rules
.
Always include a non-breaking space between R. and before the Rule number. (On
Windows computers, you can do this by pressing CTRL + SHIFT + space. On
most Macs, you can do this by pressing OPTION + space. You can also go to
Insert > Symbols > More Symbols > Special Characters, and choose “non-breaking
space.”) Abbreviation of rules is appropriate in text, citations, and footnotes.
• We note at the outset that appellees made no attempt to obtain
sanctions under Super. Ct. Civ. R. 11.
Because “R.” in citations refers to either “Rule” or “Rules,” it should be used in
citing multiple rules as well as single ones.
• D.C. App. R. 26(c), 31(a)(5).
Do not include a date in the citation for court rules unless you are citing a previous
version of the rules.
7.1. D.C. Court of Appeals
: Cite this court’s rules as D.C. App. R. 26(c).
7.2. D.C. Bar: Cite as D.C. Bar R. XI, § 1(a)
7.3. Superior Court
: Cite the Superior Court’s various rules as follows:
(a) Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure:
Super. Ct. Civ. R. 4.
10
(b) Superior Court Rules of Criminal Procedure:
Super. Ct. Crim. R. 4.
(c) Superior Court General Rules of the Family Court:
Super. Ct. Fam. R. 4.
(d) Superior Court Rules of Procedure for the Small Claims and
Conciliation Branch:
Super. Ct. Sm. Cl. R. 4.
(e) Superior Court Rules of Procedure for the Landlord and Tenant
Branch:
Super. Ct. L&T R. 4.
(f) Superior Court Rules for Domestic Relations Proceedings:
Super. Ct. Dom. Rel. R. 4.
(g) Superior Court Rules Governing Juvenile Proceedings:
Super. Ct. Juv. R. 4.
(h) Superior Court Rules for Mental Retardation Proceedings:
Super. Ct. Ment. Ret. R. 4.
(i) Superior Court Rules for Neglect and Abuse Proceedings:
Super. Ct. Neg. R. 4.
(j) Superior Court Rules of the Probate Division:
Super. Ct. Prob. R. 4.
(k) Superior Court Rules for the Tax Division:
Super. Ct. Tax R. 4.
(l) Superior Court Rules of Civil Procedure Agency Review:
Super. Ct. Agency Rev. R. 1(b).
(m) Superior Court Rules Governing Proceedings in the Domestic
Violence Division:
Super. Ct. Dom. Violence R. 4.
11
(n) Rules Governing Proceedings under D.C. Code § 23-110
Super. Ct. § 23-110 R. 2(b).
7.4. Rules of the Board on Professional Responsibility
:
Bd. Pro. Resp. R. 2.15.
7.5. Rules of Professional Conduct
:
D.C. R. Pro. Conduct 1.1.
8. Jury Instructions
.
Cite jury instructions as follows:
(a) Standardized Civil Jury Instructions (the “Blue Book”)
:
Standardized Civil Jury Instructions for the District of
Columbia, No. 15-6 (rev. ed. 20XX).
(b)
Criminal Jury Instructions for the District of Columbia (the
“Red Book”):
Criminal Jury Instructions for the District of Columbia,
No. 4.102 (5th ed. 20XX).
Cite the most recent edition applicable to the instructions given in a particular case,
but not an edition issued after the relevant time period, unless the later edition
contains the precise wording of the applicable instruction.
9. Formatting.
9.1. Font
: Times New Roman (14-point size).
9.2. Margins
: Use one-inch margins all the way around.
9.3. Spacing
:
Use two spaces after the end of a sentence. Double space all text,
except block quotations and footnotes. Only a single hard return is
necessary between paragraphs.
12
Use a non-breaking hyphen (-) for page ranges. (On Windows
computers, you can do this by pressing CTRL + SHIFT + hyphen. On
most Macs, you can do this by pressing OPTION + hyphen. You can
also go to Insert > Symbols > More Symbols > Special Characters,
and select “non-breaking hyphen.”)
Use one space after a colon.
Do NOT use a space between a word and a dash.
Use a non-breaking space between honorifics and the names that
follow them (e.g., “Ms. [XXX]” or “Dr. [XXX]”). (On Windows
computers, you can do this by pressing CTRL + SHIFT + space. On
most Macs, you can do this by pressing OPTION + space. You can
also go to Insert > Symbols > More Symbols > Special Characters,
and choose “non-breaking space.”)
Use a non-breaking space immediately following any numbers/letters
used to denote items in a list, so that numbers do not break across lines
(e.g., “(i) duty, (ii) breach, . . .”).
Ensure that every heading is on the same page as the immediately
following paragraph, so that a heading and the first paragraph under
that heading do not break across two pages (can be accomplished by
checking the box “Keep with Next” in the paragraph-formatting box of
Microsoft Word.)
Within a footnote, place one space after the footnote number before
you begin typing the text of the footnote.
9.4. Block Quotations:
Quotations of fifty or more words should be indented 1” from the left
and right text margins of the document (as opposed to the left and
right borders of the page). When quoted material is set off by being
indented in a document, do not use quotation marks.
The source of the quotation should not be enclosed in brackets, nor
should it be indented. Instead, it should appear at the left margin on
13
the line immediately following the quotation. For an illustration, see
BB R. 5.1(a).
When adding a footnote to a block quotation, place the FN call
number in superscripted brackets (only applies to footnotes not in the
original, quoted material).
9.5. Punctuation
: Always place periods and commas within a close quotation
mark. Only place other forms of punctuation within a close quotation mark
if they are part of the original quote (e.g., the plaintiff asked, “Who are
you?”; How can this goal comport with the “demanding rigors of strict
scrutiny”?).
9.6. Ellipses/Omissions
:
See BB R. 5.3 for general guidance. Be sure to use a non-breaking
space between the periods in an ellipsis to avoid breaking across a
line.
Where language from the middle of a quoted sentence is omitted, use
an ellipsis as follows:
“The very integrity of the judicial system . . . depends on
compulsory process.”
For omission of language at the end of a quoted sentence, use an
ellipsis as follows (and see BB. R. 5.3(b)):
“To ensure that justice is done, it is imperative that compulsory
process be available . . . .”
Where language after the end of a quoted sentence is deleted and the
sentence is followed by additional quoted material, use an ellipsis as
follows:
“The need to develop all relevant facts in the adversary system
is both fundamental and comprehensive. . . . The very integrity
of the judicial system therefore depends on compulsory
process.”
14
For omissions in general, follow BB R. 5.2(d)(ii). “Citation omitted”
should only be used if the omitted citation comes in the middle of the
quoted text—it is unnecessary when the citation follows the end of the
quote.
9.7. Page Numbers
: Place page numbers at the top of the page. Do not
number the first page.
9.8. Headings
: Roman numerals should be in bold and followed by a period;
for guidance on sub-headings, consult the DCCA Opinion and MOJ
Formatting Guide.
9.9. Capitalization
:
Do not capitalize “government” when referring to the United States or
the District of Columbia as a party.
Do not capitalize “appellant,” “appellee,” “petitioner,” “respondent,”
or “claimant.”
Do not capitalize “court” when referring to this or any other court
except the Supreme Court of the United States.
9.10. Numbers
: Follow BB R. 6.2(a) regarding numbers (spell out numbers
zero through ninety-nine).
9.11. Italics
:
Italicize rather than underline case names. See BB R. 8 for general
guidance.
Do not italicize common legal terms such as arguendo, de novo,
en banc, ex parte, inter alia, lis pendens, mens rea, pro se, respondeat
superior, res judicata, or sua sponte, but italicize less common legal
terms such as fieri facias. See BB R. 7(b) (“Latin words and phrases
that are often used in legal writing are considered to be in common
English usage and should not be italicized.”).
Do not italicize “e.g.” or “i.e.” unless “e.g.” is part of a citation signal.
15
10. Miscellaneous.
10.1. Attorney’s fees
: In general, use “attorney’s fees.” “Attorneys’ fees” is
acceptable in circumstances where the fees involve more than one attorney.
Do NOT use “attorney fees” or “attorneys fees.”
10.2. COVID-19
: Use “COVID-19” when referring to the global pandemic
beginning in late 2019/early 2020. Use a non-breaking hyphen between
“COVID” and “19.” Do NOT use “Covid,” “covid,” “Covid-19,”
“covid-19,” or “coronavirus.”
10.3. Cleaned up
: Do NOT use “(cleaned up)” as shorthand for avoiding
proper Bluebook citations. “Cleaned up” does not comply with The
Bluebook and necessarily omits all relevant citation information.
10.4. Pronouns: When using pronouns, follow the parties’ self-references
(e.g., “he,” “she,” “they,” “it,” etc.).
